Fact/Fiction: Is social media damaging youngsters’ mental health?

How it was told

We’re all still trying to get a handle on social media. The new technology has made the world a smaller place in the last 15 years by connecting us to people all over the world and giving direct access to celebrities and athletes.

But the impact on our mental health, how much time we should really spend scrolling and whether Twitter and Facebook et al have been a good thing for us is still up for debate.

Academics have been hard at work trying to answer these questions. A three-year observational study of 10,000 adolescents aged between 13 and 16, published in The Lancet, moved the dial forward last week. It was widely reported in the UK press as well as by CNN in the USA – but not every media outlet took the same approach.

The Independentand The Guardianopted for similar headlines that stepped away from the direct impact of social media, proclaiming “Children’s lack of sleep ‘more harmful than social media use’”.

The Telegraphhomed in on the mental health implications of wider issues. Their news story had the headline: “Social media damages teen mental health through cyber-bullying, sleep loss and too little exercise” while the Daily Mail took a similar approach.

The Telegraphalso asked the academics who led the study, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health’s Russell Viner, to write an opinion piece entitled: “Social media needn’t be harmful – if parents know what their children are watching”.

Meanwhile, other titles interpreted the study in the opposite way. Both the Financial Timesand The Sun suggested that social media did have a direct impact on teenagers. The FT opted for: “Social media damages teenagers’ mental health, study shows”, as for The Sun, they went for: “DISGRACEBOOK. Facebook and Instagram are damaging children’s mental health, major study warns”.

But which approach is right?

Facts. Checked

The study warned that mental health damage from social media was down to the issues surrounding social media rather than directly using it to extreme levels.

Professor Viner and his co-author Dr Dasha Nicholls, from Imperial College London, suggested that direct effects, such as on brain development, are unlikely and so interventions to simply reduce social media use might be misplaced.

They found that very frequent social media use was associated with greater psychological distress.

That distress increased for girls the more they used social media – in 2014, 28 per cent of girls who very frequently used social media reported psychological distress on the general health questionnaire, compared with 20 per cent of those using it weekly or less.

This increase was not as pronounced in questionnaires answered by boys. But the key point of the study was not that spending hours on social media was the reason for the distress, it was the associated issues of cyber-bullying, loss of sleep or reduced physical activity that come with being online.

This is a subtle distinction that might be lost by glancing at the headlines in The Sun and the FT.

As Professor Viner puts it: “Our results suggest that social media itself doesn’t cause harm, but that frequent use may disrupt activities that have a positive impact on mental health such as sleeping and exercising, while increasing exposure of young people to harmful content, particularly the negative experience of cyber-bullying.”

These findings contradict some previously negative findings about teenagers’ use of social media.

But the impact of Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat and co is still being analysed and research in this area will continue to advance over time.

While that happens, encouraging moderation, particularly at night, is a sensible course of action.

Image: Miles Cole